BRN 9-3 - Flipbook - Page 29
margin of the cap. In our area this mushroom
appears in the fall, often on the wood of GambelÕs
Oak.
The current Latin binomial was assigned in 2008
based on work by Sotome et al.; previously it was
designated Polyporus arcularius.
This is a small mushroom. Note on the previous
page that the stem is somewhat less than 3 cm
long and the cap is from 1.5-2 cm in diameter.
Human transformation of
past terrestrial ecosystems
In Volume 7, Issue 2, of this journal we discussed
American Beaver reintroduction programs, and in
Volume 8, Issue 3, we discussed reintroduction/
deextinction/restoration efforts more broadly. A
signiÞcant issue in all projects of this type is
deÞning the baseline. Restore to what?
Many people have put a lot of effort into the
Òbaseline issueÓ. On 19 September 2025, S.
NoguŽ, N. Morueta-Holme, J.M. Fern‡ndezPalacios, et al. published a survey of current
methodologies used to assess this issue and our
current state of knowledge on the topic. (ÒHuman
transformation of past terrestrial ecosystemsÓ,
Nature Reviews Biodiversity, 1, 644Ð656 [2025],
https://doi.org/10.1038/s44358-025-00081-6).
This article is behind a paywall.
The abstract of the article reads: ÒHumans have
been modifying ecosystems for millennia. By the
start of the Holocene, approximately 11,500)years
ago, human societies were inßuencing an
estimated three-quarters of terrestrial ecosystems.
In this Review, we focus on how advances in
archaeology, biogeography, history and palaeoecology, combined with modeling techniques, are
enabling researchers to evaluate long-term human
inßuences on ecosystems across different spatial
and temporal scales. We describe key methods for
studying human transformations on past
ecosystems, and explore how humans have
shaped ecosystems across space and time. We
outline ways that human societies have
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