BRN 9-3 - Flipbook - Page 73
deÞned, and is characterized by its
virtual absence of bioinclusions
and the consequent lack of
palaeontological information,
which in part explains the
historical differentiation between
amber and copal. Crucial time
intervals in the study of resin
production, and of the biodiversity
that could be contained, are now
clariÞed, providing a framework
for and focusing future research on
bioinclusions preserved in copal
and resin.Ó
4. Saitta, E.T., Kaye, T.G.,
ÒExperimental maturation of pine
resin in sediment to investigate
the formation of synthetic copal
and amberÓ, ScientiÞc Reports, 15,
7627 (2025), https://doi.org/
10.1038/s41598-025-89448-5.
Bioinclusions in Defaunation resin and Holocene copal from different places. (AÐE) Defaunation resin from trees of Hymenaea
verrucosa, Madagascar. (A) swarm of non-biting midges (Diptera: Chironomidae). (B) piece containing diverse bioinclusions
(Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea, Diptera: Brachycera, and Diptera: Nematocera: Sciaridae). (C) fungus gnat (Diptera: Sciaridae) that
laid eggs during its death. (D) lizard body portion. (E) H. verrucosa leaf and different insects as bioinclusions. (FÐG) Holocene
copal from H. verrucosa, Tanzania. (F) stingless bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae). (G) ßat bug (Hemiptera: Aradidae). (H) Defaunation
resin (ca. 200 years old; radiocarbon dating) from tree Agathis australis, New Zealand, with different bioinclusions (Coleoptera
and larva indet.). (IÐJ) Holocene copal from trees of Hymenaea courbaril, Colombia. (I) diverse bioinclusions [Arachnida:
Araneae, Insecta (Psocoptera, Isoptera, Diptera), and Plantae: Marchantiophyta]. (J) termite (Isoptera) nest. (K) in situ Pleistocene
copal from tree Agathis australis, Baylys Beach, New Zealand (coin diameter 26.5 mm). (L) Defaunation resin most probably from
trees of A. lanceolata, Parc de la Rivi•re Bleue, New Caledonia. Scale bars: (A) 5 mm, (BÐD and FÐJ) 1 mm, (E and L) 1 cm. (From
study cited at footnote 2.)
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